Rip’s Dependence on Society for Self-Identity Essay -- Rip Van Winkle

Rip’s Dependence on Society for Self-Identity    Rip Van Winkle   Ã‚  After falling asleep in the forest, a man returns to find his house abandoned, his town transformed his friends dead or missing and his own identity in serious doubt. Suddenly he recognizes his exact likeness walking down the street and for a moment he loses his identity. This is not a science fiction piece but rather the well known tale of Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving. In the moment when Van Winkle sees his exact likeness walking up the mountain, he let's out an anguished cry, ". . .I can't tell what's my name, or who I am I am!" (Page 410) With that one statement we understand Van Winkle's predicament. Without his community to define him Van Winkle is lost, for he only exists through the eyes of others. To understand better Van Winkle's predicament we must first understand his character and how he was viewed by his community. Examining the text we find ample examples of both. Irving describes his main character as an amiable fool. As stated in the text Van Winkle is ". . . one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, which ever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound." (Page 404) He is also said to be a man who, "If left to himself would whistle his life away . . . " (Page 404) Clearly Van Winkle has little concern for the matters of getting ahead. Yet one has to look at how he fits into his rustic community to get a clearer impression of him. Although much satire is made of Van Winkle being a "henpecked husband", the story al... ...n to an "old woman" who finally comes forward and proclaims, "Sure enough! it is Rip Van Winkle -- it is himself." (Page 411) After her identification is corroborated by the elderly Peter Vanderdonk, Van Winkle is Van Winkle once more. Once he is identified, Van Winkle's place in the community is reinstated. In fact his status even improves to the point where he is considered, "one of the patriarchs of the village", for in their eyes he is now a town historian. The story of Van Winkle shows us how dependent he was on the community, without which he could not exist. His place within the society and the acknowledgment of others were crucial to how he defined himself. Works Cited: Irving, Washington. "Rip Van Winkle." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.

Vershire Company

Though Vershire Company does not have explicit problems, it has a number of weaknesses in its systems. First is in the style of their budget preparation. Their sales budget preparation had little flexibility when it was already approved before the start of the year and were already fixed objectives. This kind of system has an advantage of pushing its managers to strive and meet the objective budgets. However, it is a disadvantage when there are unforeseen relevant costs that are inevitable and must be incurred during the year since there is a meticulous process in covering these costs, which also requires an explanation to the bosses why the budgets have not been met. Second is how the company treats its Plant/Manufacturing Department – being a Profit Center. This department only accomplishes orders that the Sales Department dictate, manufacturing the quality products at the lowest reasonable cost possible considering the nature of the competitive industry. However, their performance is evaluated through the profits that the department generates via its cost standards and cost reduction targets which is determined by the Industrial Engineering department. The assignment of the department as a cost center may be inconsistent with its objectives since the department itself is not the one determining the price and selling the products. Third is how the performance of the plant managers are evaluated. Since the Plant Department is treated as a profit center, the plant managers’ promotion and compensation is based on their profit performance. There can be a misalignment in the objectives in this setup because while the plant managers strive to put down the cost to achieve higher profits given the price set, they may sacrifice quality by choosing the lowest cost of materials or labor for production. In essence, the cost can be varied based on the price. Moreover, the performance of the plants are compared to each other regardless of their differences in their production. This is an inappropriate method of comparison and evaluation since one cannot totally compare plants with different objectives and environment operating in because there is no basis or a standard performance. Options and Recommendation Vershire Company can revise its budgeting system to an Incremental Budgeting System wherein an initial estimated budget is presented at the start of the year and can be flexible enough to accommodate changes within the year if necessary. Another option is to continue on the current budgeting system, however make necessary adjustments such as providing allocation or an allowance for contingency costs and allowing proposals for changes in the budgets for the next period to be presented during regular performance reports/reviews. This is a better option since it will still motivate the managers to adhere to the budget while allowing for some flexibility for unforeseen changes in the budget. Another action that Vershire Company could take is changing how the Plant Department is treated, from being a Profit Center to an Expense Center to more appropriately match its objectives in lowering the company’s expenses as the product quality allows. Measurement of performance is not anymore how much profit the plant generates but how fast it manufactures the products, how low the cost of the materials and labor are, and the quality of its products. Treating the Plant Department as an Expense Center can give way to the Sales Department to be treated as a Profit Center wherein they can price the product in accordance to the costs set by the plant. Incentives along with this are the promotion and compensation of the sales managers tied with their profit performance. Such can align each department in its appropriate objectives and will be motivated to achieve it, having their goals congruent to that of the company’s.

Use of Imagery in Chopin’s The Awakening Essay - 749 Words

Use of Imagery in Chopin’s The Awakening Several passages in The Awakening struck me because of their similar imagery—a bird, wings, and nudity. The first passage I looked at is in Chapter 9 where Edna Pontellier has a vision of a naked man â€Å"standing beside a desolate rock† (47) on a beach who is watching a bird fly away. This image was evoked by a one particular piece that Mme Ratignolle plays which Edna significantly calls â€Å"Solitude. † Apparently Edna frequently envisions certain images while listening to music: â€Å"Musical strains, well rendered, had a way of evoking pictures in her mind† (47). Listening to this piece Edna envisions a solitary, naked man with an â€Å"attitude [†¦] of hopeless resignation† (47). This scene presents solitude†¦show more content†¦We find the same imagery of somebody standing solitary and naked on a beach. Throughout the novel Edna has searched for someone to be close to and the only one she thought she could find that closeness w ith was Robert Lebrun. The words of his note â€Å"Good-by—-because I love you† (139) are still on her mind when she is swimming out into the ocean. She has finally accepted that there will not be a union of souls for her with anybody and that everybody is alone in the end. In the scene Edna had envisioned earlier the man was watching a bird flying away. At the end of he novel there is a bird as well, however, here it has a broken wing and is â€Å"beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water† (138). This passage reminded me of a scene earlier in the novel where Edna tells Arobin about her last encounter with Mademoiselle Reisz that has left her thinking about something the pianist had said to her: â€Å"She says queer things sometimes in a bantering way that you don’t notice at the time and you find yourself thinking about afterward.† Edna tells Arobin: â€Å"[S]he put her arms around me and felt my shoulder blades, to see if my wings were strong, she said. ‘The bird that would sour above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see weaklingsShow MoreRelatedThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead More Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour1165 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour are two short stories both seemingly similar and contrasting in different ways. In Chopin’s story we see that Louise Mallard reveals her ironically natural feeling of joy and freedom following the news of her husband’s death. Louise’s sensation of freedom is conveyed through the use of vivid natural images and color. While in Colette’s story the two female protagonists contrastinglyRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1198 Words   |  5 PagesCommonly explored throughout her works, the idea of marriage inhibiting a woman’s freedom is the driving force behind Kate Chopin’s contextual objections to propriety. In particular, The Awakening and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† explore the lives of women seeking marital liberation and individuality. Mrs. Chopin, who was raised in a matriarchal household, expresses her opposition to the nineteenth century patriarchal society while using her personal experiences to exemplify her feminist views. Read MoreChona And The Ocean In Kate Chopins The Awakening1027 Words   |  5 Pagespower to take life away: the ocean is symbolic of creation and destruction. In Kate Chopin’s novella, The Awakening, many important scenes are set the ocean. Edna Pontellier experiences and reflects the dual power of the ocean in the novella, through childlike activities such as, learning to swim and a rebirth, but also in more powerful experiences, like committing suicide in the final scene. Chopin uses imagery and diction to foreshadow the final scene as a suicide and a rebirth. Edna is ironicallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Awakening 1032 Words   |  5 PagesIn Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, she writes about a woman’s desire to find and live fully within her true self during the 1890s in Louisiana. The woman, Edna Pontellier, is trying to find herself in the masculine society of Louisiana, leading her to cause friction with friends, family and the Creole society. Edna begins to feel a change; she begins to feel like a whole person with wants, interests and desires. She learns that she is not comfortable with being a wife and mother. The imagery of theRead More symbolaw Symbols and Symbolism - Birds as a Symbol in The Awakening597 Words   |  3 PagesBirds as the Symbol of Bondage and Freedom in The Awakening Birds that are enclosed in cages indicate solitude and bondage; those that roam in the open air above the seas represent freedom and happiness. The captivity or freedom of these animals is the symbolism that Chopin uses to illustrate the captivity Edna experiences from society and the freedom she desires.   Through this vivid bird imagery in her novel The Awakening, Chopin elucidates the struggle and freedom Edna encountersRead MoreA Shameful Affair Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesSimpson SOURCE: Simpson, Martin. Chopins A Shameful Affair. Explicator, 45, no. 1 (fall 1986): 59-60. In the following essay, Simpson discusses images of nature and society in A Shameful Affair. Mildred Orme, in Kate Chopins A Shameful Affair, is a socially conventional and sexually repressed young woman who has come to the Kraummer farm to escape the sexual demands that were made on her in civilized, urban society. Chopin uses fertile nature imagery to show Mildred being drawn outRead More Awakening1 Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesAwakening1 THE AWAKENING The contrast between an urban and a tropical setting represents the awakening that the protagonist experiences in Kate Chopins classic novel, The Awakening. At Grand Isle Edna becomes conscious of her restrictive marriage in a male dominated society. Her awakening originates with her experiences at Grand Isle but fully develops upon her return to the city, where she completes her transformation from her roles as wife and mother to an independent woman. The settingRead MoreFemale Empowerment in Kate Chopins The Awakening7915 Words   |  32 PagesHeinrich-Heine-Università ¤t Wintersemester 2010/11 Vertiefungsmodul Kurs: American Realism and Naturalism - Short Stories Seminarleiter: Georg Schiller Datum der Abgabe: 16.04.2011 Female Empowerment in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† Anjana Dhir BA Englisch KF, Geschichte NF 3. Semester Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The FrenchRead MoreReconciling Edna s Suicide And The Criticism Surrounding861 Words   |  4 Pagesby Mary Bird. The first essay I read was titled â€Å"Reconciling Edna’s Suicide and the Criticism Surrounding† by Mary Bird. In this essay she reveals two point of views about Edna’s death. Bird presents two thesis statements. The first thesis is â€Å"†¦awakening is one of mental clarity, and her suicide is a triumphant act. By committing suicide Edna is finally freeing herself from social constraints and possession.† The second thesis is â€Å"Edna’s awaking to be a decline into insanity.† Bird makes a connection

Problems on Physics - 613 Words

Work out the following problems. Be sure to show your work in detail. See the hand out uploaded for examples of how the problems should be solved and presented.  1. A 55 gal. drum of organic solvent, full and sealed, weighs 400 lbs. The empty drum weights 40 lbs. What is the density of the solvent, in kg/L? What is its specific gravity? Density = p = mass/volume Mass of solvent = 400 lbs 40 lbs = 360 lbs = 360 lbs * (0.45359237 kg/lbs) = 163.29 kg 1 pound = 1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg (online conversion app) Volume of solvent = 55 gallons = 55 gallons * (3.78541178 liters/gallon) = 208.19 L Density = p = mass/volume = 163.29 kg / 208.19 L = 0.784 kg/L (spgr)solvent = p_solvent/p_water Specific gravity of water = p_water = 1000 kg/m^3 = 62 lb/ft^3 Volume of 55 gal drum = Pi*r^2*h where the drum has a 22.5 diameter and is 33.5 high. Thus v_solvent = pi*(11.25)^2*33.5 inches^3 = 13313 in^3 * (1 ft/12in)^3 = 7.7 ft^3 (spgr)solvent = m_solvent/(v_solvent*p_water) = 360 lbs / (7.7 ft^3 * 62 lb/ft^3) = 0.754 The density of the solvent is = 0.784 kg/L and the specific gravity is 0.754. 2. A cylindrical object 0.5m in diameter and 2m long weights has a mass of 200kg. The object is floating end-down in water. How many cm of the object are above the waterline? 0.5m ? cm = how much above waterline? 2m V_sub/V = p_cyl/p_water V_cyl = Pi*r^2*h = pi (0.25m)^2*2m = Pi/8 m^3 P_cyl = mass_cyl/V_cyl = 200kg / (Pi/8 m^3) = 1600/Pi kg/m^3 V_sub/V = p_cyl / p_water =Show MoreRelatedPhysics Problems1088 Words   |  5 PagesUNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION Problem-Solving 1. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the skidding distance of the car (assume uniform acceleration). 2. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike. 3. 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Private Security and Critical Infrastructure Assets Essay

The private security and law enforcement officer as well the FBI function and responsibilities have tightened after the 9/11 attacked. Private security officers are undergoing more advanced training from latest technology system to protect the nation to terrorism to be prepared and ready in any event that might come along the way like the 9/11 attacked. After the disastrous event of the 9/11 attack numerous companies and group of people obligate themselves a thorough investigation and evaluation. Security companies are more watchful and alert doing total criminal screening that includes background checks, financial check, criminal records and fingerprinting on potential employees and so total background checks on agency and essential plan†¦show more content†¦The private security and personnel should always anticipate faster action in dealing terrorism because they are the one that most well through and the quality and trait of private security organization is well concentr ated on the concern area of their task and operation. Not only this private security organization would assist and help charitable institution which needs safeguarding someone in any harm or from robbers and even any act of attacks and mostly helping to hand out relief goods in time of calamity. Not to forget that most of the private security organization would volunteer transportation, transmission, or interaction, gathering of secret information in regards to terrorism, act of teaching techniques in case of any terror events. In my own opinion I should that private security and public law enforcement should have join team work or full effort working together to combat terrorism. There is always big difference between the two groups but the main objective is to prevent any terrorist act to happen in order to protect the nation and its people. The public law enforcement and private security organization should expand and perform and efficient working relationship that will give policy and procedure on the training and sharing of initiatives and reliabilities. Each group should have the means of linking on computers in order to exchanges information for possible terrorism. CriticalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Assignment 2: Critical Infrastructure Protection1280 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 2: Critical Infrastructure Protection Eustace LangleyCIS 502 May-23-2013 Facilitator: Dr. Gideon U. Nwatu Strayer University Critical Infrastructure Protection Introduction The Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience advances a national unity of effort to strengthen and maintain secure, functioning, and resilient critical infrastructure (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, February 2013). It is imperative for every nationRead MoreNational Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework950 Words   |  4 PagesNational Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework D’Juan L. Sanders Professor Rachelle Howard SEC 310 February 1, 2013 Protecting the Nations Critical Infrastructure The National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework is a process structured to protect the Nation’s CIKR, DHS, and SSA’s assets, systems, networks, and functions by minimizing potential risks that may compromise integrity of these very important sectors. According to free dictionary.comRead MorePrivate Sector And Energy Critical Infrastructure Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesPrivate Sector in Energy Critical Infrastructure Energy is an important necessity that most society cannot live without especially in the Western culture. With today’s technological advancement, the reliance of power is more than ever. Businesses, transportation systems, and all the way down to individual household relies on power. Without power, the US in particular, will not be able to function properly and this is why energy is one of the critical assets. The US needs the energy infrastructureRead MoreCritical Infrastructure Protection1106 Words   |  5 Pagesprotecting an infrastructure, careful planning and coordination needs to take place. Protecting an infrastructure takes an important security initiative called Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). The United States critical infrastructure is protected by the Department of Homeland Security. Examine three areas of the Department of Homeland Security: mission, operations and responsibilities The first area is the Department of Homeland Security’s mission. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) wasRead MoreImportance of Cyber Security1744 Words   |  7 Pagesof the President, 2009, p.2). Furthermore, critical infrastructure, our network, and internet alike are identified as national assets upon which the administration will orchestrate integrated cybersecurity policies without infringing upon and protecting privacy. While protecting our infrastructure, personal privacy, and civil liberties, we have to keep in mind the private sector owns and operates the majority of our critical and digital infrastructure. People want the freedom and empowerment toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Government1586 Words   |  7 Pagesplatform that no one undoubtedly anyone could have predicted. Due to this progression, a large part of our money, corporate and government assets flow through this system and have lured criminal activity and an easier way to cheat, steal, and manipulate the system with little to no recourse. Our governments systems and most importantly our countries infrastructures are in immediate danger of being hacked and threaten our countries’ life line from banking, energy, water supply, and even endangering livesRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1321 Words   |  6 Pages11, 2001 events, the United States of America gravitated towards a more aggressive approach in its security. The result of the tragic events was the establishment of homeland security. The White House, the federal government and the Congress joined together to establish it. On September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush issued an executive order 13228 to establish an Office of Homeland Security within the White House and assigning the Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge as its Director (BullockRead MoreAn Earthquake Scenario And How It Affects The Energy Sector1254 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s dynamic threats to American assets and infrastructure require the capability of security entities, at all levels, to communicate and integrate effectively. Critical Infrastructure (CI) is a key area that must be protected. This paper will focus on the energy sector and analyze: specific goals and objectives; an assessment of and analysis of risks; sector specific implementations of risk management; and measure the effectiveness of the current procedures in place. This paper will focus onRead MoreThe Similarities And Difference Between Homeland Security Vs. Homeland Security1358 Words   |  6 PagesHLSS302 D004 Spr 17 Whelehan Mid-Term Topic 1: Homeland Security and Homeland Defense, terms that are often used interchangeably, actually have somewhat different meanings as they each have a different scope. Homeland Security is a term that has come into use much more frequently following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, whereas Homeland Defense is a system that has been in place for a longer period of time. Both of these have goals that both overlap, and yet are distinctly differentRead More Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejectin g any congressional intervention. This has caused

Should Smoking Be Banned Free Essays

Cigarette smoking has been a trend since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Some people believe that smoking could help them release their stress as it helps them to relax. Some people also believe that the cigarettes business is necessary for a specific country to develop their country’s economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Smoking Be Banned or any similar topic only for you Order Now As time flew, knowledge develops and technology rises, and as a result, we came to know that cigarette smoking brings numerous potential harm not just to our body but also to the environment.But many people still practice smoking regardless the fact that smoking could potentially ruin their health as what is written on the cigarette box itself. Knowing all these, still some people continue on smoking, as if they did not know that they are harming their surroundings too, therefore cigarette smoking should be banned. I think only by doing so we can achieve a more positive result. Some of those who support smoking claim that it’s hard for smokers to break their habit. 2 out of 15 smokers failed to break the habit, therefore, if it’s banned then it could trigger the opening of the black markets of cigars, just like drugs, and it would be much more difficult for the government to control than when it’s legalized. However, by making them illegal, we could at least force them to quit smoking, and automatically more people would quit, 14 out of 15 people will try to quit knowing it illegal. And most importantly, by marking them illegal, it could decrease most of the passive smokers issue as if it’s illegal, then they will not be able to smoke in public areas.The supporters of cigarette smoking also maintain that smoking could release them from stress as it helps them to relax. So they think that they have the right to own the relaxing atmosphere and so. However, cigars are addictive, although it gives relaxation, it contains addictive substance called nicotine, just like drugs, addictive. Most drugs like heroines also gave relaxing and addictive effects, but they are banned, so smoking should be banned too, just to be fair. People could get relaxation as much as they want by sleeping, walking or playing games, that way it would be much healthier and much more environmentally friendly.The final argument advanced by the cigarette-smoking supporters is that the cigarette business is necessary for a specific country’s income, and are responsible for the economic growth of the country. However, smokers tend to develop smoking-related disease which is more likely a kind of respiratory disease which could result in death, if we use the number of death that is caused by cigarette smoking, we could surely raise the country’s income in a way such as labor intensive and thus increasing the growth of the economy of the country he althily, which is a much better way.It should now be clear that cigarettes smoking should be marked illegal, as smokers have more chance to develop respiratory disease, and are addictive, just like drugs, it could also effect the non-smokers by turning them to passive smokers. In conclusion, smoking could give numerous negative impacts, individually and socially, therefore it should be banned for good, just like drugs. How to cite Should Smoking Be Banned, Papers

Therapeutic Communities free essay sample

Drugs and Alcohol Therapeutic Communities In today’s world, people each and everyday from a wide range of teenagers to adults, abuse substances such as illegal drugs and alcohol. Not all of these people are open to admit that they indeed have a problem, and could really use professional help from others to stop their bad habits before they become a larger issue than it already is. Lucky for the people who are able to accept their problem at hand, places such as therapeutic communities are there for support to help these people overcome their drug or alcohol problem. A therapeutic community is a place where abusers don’t have to feel judged or ashamed by coming in for a radical positive change in his or her life. Depending on certain cases of the patient, and how serious the potential damage from the substance, the program can determine whether the patient has the option to stay for a long period of time that can be anywhere from a couple months to a year, or a shorter session. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Communities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is a therapeutic community? In most cases at a therapeutic community you will see that in the residential areas the professional trained staff will be living with the client 24/7 to help monitor and keep everything under control. Therapeutic communities have and gained some reputation for success in rehabilitation and patient satisfaction in Britain and other countries outside the US. In Britain, democratic analytic therapeutic communities most usually specialize in the treatment of moderate to severe personality disorders and complex emotional and interpersonal problems. The evolution of therapeutic communities in the United States has followed a different path with hierarchically arranged communities specializing in the treatment of drug and alcohol dependence. The way TC’s operate are quite easy to understand, the client lives with a trained employee of the facility in an absolutely substance free environment, and if all goes as planned, the success rate of beating the habit is greater to happen then of having a relapse of the issue he or she is initially here for. The clients are not alone, there are other patients as well in these stabilized facilities and they are their to support each other, by having group sessions and constantly communicating with one another to help everyone get through and past their problem together. TCs differ from other treatment approaches principally in their use of the community, comprising treatment staff and those in recovery, as key agents of change. This approach is often referred to as community as method. (national institutes of health). The people who are usually admitted to a TC have a history of social functioning, an education/ vocational skills that have had family ties that have been completely ruined because of their substance abuse. It is hard for both the child and the parents when having to deal with a problem such as this. No parent ever wishes to have to send their child to programs like these, but only if it is necessary it should 100 percent be done for the best interest of the person endangering themselves as well as the parents. The ultimate goal for a Therapeutic community is to first eliminate the patient’s want for the substance, keep them occupied while staying sober. NIDA has conducted several large studies to advance scientific knowledge of the outcomes of drug abuse treatment as typically delivered in the United States. These studies collected baseline data from over 65,000 individuals admitted to publicly funded treatment agencies. Data were collected at admission, during treatment, and in a series of follow-ups that focused on outcomes that occurred 12 months and longer after treatment.