Problems on Physics - 613 Words

Work out the following problems. Be sure to show your work in detail. See the hand out uploaded for examples of how the problems should be solved and presented.  1. A 55 gal. drum of organic solvent, full and sealed, weighs 400 lbs. The empty drum weights 40 lbs. What is the density of the solvent, in kg/L? What is its specific gravity? Density = p = mass/volume Mass of solvent = 400 lbs 40 lbs = 360 lbs = 360 lbs * (0.45359237 kg/lbs) = 163.29 kg 1 pound = 1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg (online conversion app) Volume of solvent = 55 gallons = 55 gallons * (3.78541178 liters/gallon) = 208.19 L Density = p = mass/volume = 163.29 kg / 208.19 L = 0.784 kg/L (spgr)solvent = p_solvent/p_water Specific gravity of water = p_water = 1000 kg/m^3 = 62 lb/ft^3 Volume of 55 gal drum = Pi*r^2*h where the drum has a 22.5 diameter and is 33.5 high. Thus v_solvent = pi*(11.25)^2*33.5 inches^3 = 13313 in^3 * (1 ft/12in)^3 = 7.7 ft^3 (spgr)solvent = m_solvent/(v_solvent*p_water) = 360 lbs / (7.7 ft^3 * 62 lb/ft^3) = 0.754 The density of the solvent is = 0.784 kg/L and the specific gravity is 0.754. 2. A cylindrical object 0.5m in diameter and 2m long weights has a mass of 200kg. The object is floating end-down in water. How many cm of the object are above the waterline? 0.5m ? cm = how much above waterline? 2m V_sub/V = p_cyl/p_water V_cyl = Pi*r^2*h = pi (0.25m)^2*2m = Pi/8 m^3 P_cyl = mass_cyl/V_cyl = 200kg / (Pi/8 m^3) = 1600/Pi kg/m^3 V_sub/V = p_cyl / p_water =Show MoreRelatedPhysics Problems1088 Words   |  5 PagesUNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION Problem-Solving 1. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the skidding distance of the car (assume uniform acceleration). 2. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike. 3. An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. Of the planes which will use the airport, the lowest acceleration rate is likely to be 3 m/s2. The takeoff speed for thisRead MoreSolving The Physics Of The Problem1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensionality of the dataset for viewing, which may help researchers in better understanding of the physics of the problem. Here, an expert needs to be careful while choosing a certain algorithm and associated parameters for a specific case. Additionally, an expert needs to be very careful while interpreting the findings from these algorithms. 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Private Security and Critical Infrastructure Assets Essay

The private security and law enforcement officer as well the FBI function and responsibilities have tightened after the 9/11 attacked. Private security officers are undergoing more advanced training from latest technology system to protect the nation to terrorism to be prepared and ready in any event that might come along the way like the 9/11 attacked. After the disastrous event of the 9/11 attack numerous companies and group of people obligate themselves a thorough investigation and evaluation. Security companies are more watchful and alert doing total criminal screening that includes background checks, financial check, criminal records and fingerprinting on potential employees and so total background checks on agency and essential plan†¦show more content†¦The private security and personnel should always anticipate faster action in dealing terrorism because they are the one that most well through and the quality and trait of private security organization is well concentr ated on the concern area of their task and operation. Not only this private security organization would assist and help charitable institution which needs safeguarding someone in any harm or from robbers and even any act of attacks and mostly helping to hand out relief goods in time of calamity. Not to forget that most of the private security organization would volunteer transportation, transmission, or interaction, gathering of secret information in regards to terrorism, act of teaching techniques in case of any terror events. In my own opinion I should that private security and public law enforcement should have join team work or full effort working together to combat terrorism. There is always big difference between the two groups but the main objective is to prevent any terrorist act to happen in order to protect the nation and its people. The public law enforcement and private security organization should expand and perform and efficient working relationship that will give policy and procedure on the training and sharing of initiatives and reliabilities. Each group should have the means of linking on computers in order to exchanges information for possible terrorism. CriticalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Assignment 2: Critical Infrastructure Protection1280 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 2: Critical Infrastructure Protection Eustace LangleyCIS 502 May-23-2013 Facilitator: Dr. Gideon U. Nwatu Strayer University Critical Infrastructure Protection Introduction The Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience advances a national unity of effort to strengthen and maintain secure, functioning, and resilient critical infrastructure (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, February 2013). It is imperative for every nationRead MoreNational Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework950 Words   |  4 PagesNational Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework D’Juan L. 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While protecting our infrastructure, personal privacy, and civil liberties, we have to keep in mind the private sector owns and operates the majority of our critical and digital infrastructure. People want the freedom and empowerment toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Government1586 Words   |  7 Pagesplatform that no one undoubtedly anyone could have predicted. Due to this progression, a large part of our money, corporate and government assets flow through this system and have lured criminal activity and an easier way to cheat, steal, and manipulate the system with little to no recourse. Our governments systems and most importantly our countries infrastructures are in immediate danger of being hacked and threaten our countries’ life line from banking, energy, water supply, and even endangering livesRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1321 Words   |  6 Pages11, 2001 events, the United States of America gravitated towards a more aggressive approach in its security. 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As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejectin g any congressional intervention. This has caused

Should Smoking Be Banned Free Essays

Cigarette smoking has been a trend since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Some people believe that smoking could help them release their stress as it helps them to relax. Some people also believe that the cigarettes business is necessary for a specific country to develop their country’s economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Smoking Be Banned or any similar topic only for you Order Now As time flew, knowledge develops and technology rises, and as a result, we came to know that cigarette smoking brings numerous potential harm not just to our body but also to the environment.But many people still practice smoking regardless the fact that smoking could potentially ruin their health as what is written on the cigarette box itself. Knowing all these, still some people continue on smoking, as if they did not know that they are harming their surroundings too, therefore cigarette smoking should be banned. I think only by doing so we can achieve a more positive result. Some of those who support smoking claim that it’s hard for smokers to break their habit. 2 out of 15 smokers failed to break the habit, therefore, if it’s banned then it could trigger the opening of the black markets of cigars, just like drugs, and it would be much more difficult for the government to control than when it’s legalized. However, by making them illegal, we could at least force them to quit smoking, and automatically more people would quit, 14 out of 15 people will try to quit knowing it illegal. And most importantly, by marking them illegal, it could decrease most of the passive smokers issue as if it’s illegal, then they will not be able to smoke in public areas.The supporters of cigarette smoking also maintain that smoking could release them from stress as it helps them to relax. So they think that they have the right to own the relaxing atmosphere and so. However, cigars are addictive, although it gives relaxation, it contains addictive substance called nicotine, just like drugs, addictive. Most drugs like heroines also gave relaxing and addictive effects, but they are banned, so smoking should be banned too, just to be fair. People could get relaxation as much as they want by sleeping, walking or playing games, that way it would be much healthier and much more environmentally friendly.The final argument advanced by the cigarette-smoking supporters is that the cigarette business is necessary for a specific country’s income, and are responsible for the economic growth of the country. However, smokers tend to develop smoking-related disease which is more likely a kind of respiratory disease which could result in death, if we use the number of death that is caused by cigarette smoking, we could surely raise the country’s income in a way such as labor intensive and thus increasing the growth of the economy of the country he althily, which is a much better way.It should now be clear that cigarettes smoking should be marked illegal, as smokers have more chance to develop respiratory disease, and are addictive, just like drugs, it could also effect the non-smokers by turning them to passive smokers. In conclusion, smoking could give numerous negative impacts, individually and socially, therefore it should be banned for good, just like drugs. How to cite Should Smoking Be Banned, Papers

Therapeutic Communities free essay sample

Drugs and Alcohol Therapeutic Communities In today’s world, people each and everyday from a wide range of teenagers to adults, abuse substances such as illegal drugs and alcohol. Not all of these people are open to admit that they indeed have a problem, and could really use professional help from others to stop their bad habits before they become a larger issue than it already is. Lucky for the people who are able to accept their problem at hand, places such as therapeutic communities are there for support to help these people overcome their drug or alcohol problem. A therapeutic community is a place where abusers don’t have to feel judged or ashamed by coming in for a radical positive change in his or her life. Depending on certain cases of the patient, and how serious the potential damage from the substance, the program can determine whether the patient has the option to stay for a long period of time that can be anywhere from a couple months to a year, or a shorter session. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Communities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is a therapeutic community? In most cases at a therapeutic community you will see that in the residential areas the professional trained staff will be living with the client 24/7 to help monitor and keep everything under control. Therapeutic communities have and gained some reputation for success in rehabilitation and patient satisfaction in Britain and other countries outside the US. In Britain, democratic analytic therapeutic communities most usually specialize in the treatment of moderate to severe personality disorders and complex emotional and interpersonal problems. The evolution of therapeutic communities in the United States has followed a different path with hierarchically arranged communities specializing in the treatment of drug and alcohol dependence. The way TC’s operate are quite easy to understand, the client lives with a trained employee of the facility in an absolutely substance free environment, and if all goes as planned, the success rate of beating the habit is greater to happen then of having a relapse of the issue he or she is initially here for. The clients are not alone, there are other patients as well in these stabilized facilities and they are their to support each other, by having group sessions and constantly communicating with one another to help everyone get through and past their problem together. TCs differ from other treatment approaches principally in their use of the community, comprising treatment staff and those in recovery, as key agents of change. This approach is often referred to as community as method. (national institutes of health). The people who are usually admitted to a TC have a history of social functioning, an education/ vocational skills that have had family ties that have been completely ruined because of their substance abuse. It is hard for both the child and the parents when having to deal with a problem such as this. No parent ever wishes to have to send their child to programs like these, but only if it is necessary it should 100 percent be done for the best interest of the person endangering themselves as well as the parents. The ultimate goal for a Therapeutic community is to first eliminate the patient’s want for the substance, keep them occupied while staying sober. NIDA has conducted several large studies to advance scientific knowledge of the outcomes of drug abuse treatment as typically delivered in the United States. These studies collected baseline data from over 65,000 individuals admitted to publicly funded treatment agencies. Data were collected at admission, during treatment, and in a series of follow-ups that focused on outcomes that occurred 12 months and longer after treatment.

Management of Strategic Operations

Management of operations in a business setting relates to the control of activities or procedures that facilitate the production and delivery of goods and services (Greasley 2007, p. 12). It is a function that is found in every organization since every organization engages in the production of some goods or services.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Strategic Operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operations management influences the cost of production and the quality of products. Thus businesses must focus on effective operations management strategies in order to improve their competitiveness. This paper will focuses on the concept of strategic operations management by analyzing Coca-Cola Company and its product, coca-coal soft drink. Product Profile Volume Volume relates to the quantity of a product that is produced and sold by the company (Greasley 2007, p. 86). The production volume at Coca-Cola is high since millions of its products are produced and sold per day. This is based on the fact that the company serves the global market and thus it has to produce very many units in order to meet the high demand (Coca-Cola 2011). The implications of this characteristic on production include repetition and systematization of procedures in order to improve efficiency. Besides, the firm focuses on capital intensive production in order to increase output. The high volume has resulted into low cost per unit. Variety Variety refers to the various types of products that are manufactured by the company (Greasley 2007, p. 89). The firm produces a wide variety of soft drinks. As at 30/12/2010, the company had a product portfolio of over 2000 different types of soft drinks. Thus it has a high level of product variety (Coca-Cola 2011). This has impacted on the production operations in two ways. First, the company uses a flexible system in order to take the needs of the customers int o consideration during product development. Second, the production process has become very complex as new products are introduced. Variety in Demand Coca-Cola’s products have a high variation in demand (Coca-Cola 2011). This is because the consumption of soft drinks is affected by weather or seasons. For example, the sales are usually high during summer and holiday seasons. However, the sales usually fall during the winter. The implications of this trend on production are as follows.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, the company has adopted a flexible production capacity in order to respond appropriately to changes in demand. Second, the firm is always in touch with the market in order to understand the changes in demand (Coca-Cola 2011). Finally, it has led to an increase in costs per unit as the company adjusts its capacity in response to changes in demand . Visibility Visibility refers to the degree to which the customers can follow their orders from the time the orders are placed up to the time when the goods are delivered (Stevenson 2008, p. 45). The visibility of Coca-Cola’s products is high. This is because they are usually delivered within the shortest time possible through an efficient distribution system (Coca-Cola 2011). The main impact of the high visibility is a focus on customers’ needs as the basis for evaluating satisfaction. Activities Undertaken in Order to Display the Operational Characteristics A high product variety has been sustained through research and development that enables the firm to develop new products. The firm has invested in modern communication and information technology in order to reduce the order processing time. This has enabled the firm to maintain high product visibility. In order to maintain a high production volume, the company has embarked on automating most of the production and delivery activities (Coca-Cola 2011). This involves the use of machines in various stages of production in order to increase output. The workers are also being trained regularly in order to improve their competence. This results into high productivity. During the low demand seasons, the firm usually embarks on intensive sales campaign and promotional activities. This indicates the high level of variation in the products’ demand. Attempts to Change the 4Vs First, the firm is implementing its expansion plan by establishing new production plants especially in the overseas markets. This is meant to increase productivity (volume) of the company. Second, the firm has launched its e-marketing website in order to strengthen its relationship with customers (Johnston 2009, vol. 29, pp. 564-587).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Management of Strategic Operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enables it to increase the variety of its products by incorporating the customers’ suggestions in product development. Finally, the company is focusing on improving the quality of the drinks by controlling the calorie levels (Coca-Cola 2011). This aims at making the products a necessity that can be consumed in all seasons. This strategy aims at reducing the high level of variation in the products’ demand. Conclusion The above assessment shows that management of operations has a direct impact on the cost of production and profits (Stevenson 2008, p. 67). Coca-Cola has been successful in the market since it has a high product visibility, volume and variety. However, the variation in the demand for its products is high and this has a negative effect on its profits since the sales usually decline during the low demand periods. References Coca-Cola 2011, Products, https://www.coca-cola.com/. Greasley, A 2007, Operations management, SAGE, New York. Johnston, R 2009, ‘Establishin g and developing strategic relationship: the role of operations manager’, International Journal of Operations and Product Management, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 654-587. Stevenson, W 2008, Operations management, McGraw-Hill, New York. This assessment on Management of Strategic Operations was written and submitted by user The Hunter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

is america a success essays

is america a success essays At the first of the year Miss Schoonmaker asked us if we thought America was a success or not. This got me thinking what are we going to learn that will make us think our country isnt a success? Well throughout the year I learned things that made me believe America is not a success. Things that made me not believe in America were how we go against things we pledge. Like the Constitution and how we treated blacks in the Civil Rights era. Another example is the American dream. The Dream was all centered primarily around money. Has it not been said that money is the root of all evil? Do we really believe in a country thats dream is evil? I believe the thought of the American dream brought us into civil war. The North and the South both had their views on what the American dream was. The Northern States wanted the "American dream" achieved for the whole country to be industrial, anti-slavery, and very federalist. Upon these institutions they planned to make the U.S. a superior nation in the world. The South wanted to achieve the same ultimate goal for the U.S. but with agricultural, pro- slavery, and states sovereignty institutions. These are the differences between both sides in achieving "the American Dream." In order to resolve the conflict of interests, North and South had to go to war to prove superiority thus proving which side is "the city upon the hill in which the losing side would follow. The American dream later made us build the suburbs like Levittown where the country was trying to make us all the same. We had the same house just different colors than everyone else. This all brought up the issue of conf ormity. America was trying to live up to an ideal that was not securing the blessings of liberty. In the best document ever written the opening clause is a big fat lie. It says we will ...establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide f ...

Vicarious Liability -Legal Aspects in Health Care Essay

Vicarious Liability -Legal Aspects in Health Care - Essay Example It further defines and discusses apparent agency and the impact the status of the agent/employee versus independent contractor have on the analysis of liability. When it comes to criminal prosecution of negligence in the medical field, the law is in no way lenient. Murthy defines negligence as carelessness in a situation where the law mandates one to be careful. A breach of this gives the patient a right to file a case in court. In a case between Poonam Verma and Ashwin Patel in India, the terms negligence, acting in a rash and being reckless were defined. Negligence was defined as when one excludes or goes against a positive responsibility unintentionally. On the other hand, a reckless person was defined as one who is aware of the results of his or her actions but chooses not to care. Finally, a rash person was described as one who is aware of the results of his or her deeds, but assumes they will not happen. With regard to this, a doctor should not be criminally charged for the death of an individual until there is evidence of negligence or incompetence. In cases of malpractice, there are two damages provided. One is the compensatory damag e where the hospital compensates the patient and the other is the disciplinary or punitive damage where the hospital is punished for the negligence or omissions that led to malpractice. In fact, the Indian Penal Code, section 304(a) reads that any person who causes a patient to depart this life either due to an act of negligence or rash behaviour should serve two years in prison, pay a fine or receive punishment of the two (Murthy, 2007). In healthcare, a health providing institution can be held liable for any harm done to a patient. According to Donoghue, a hospital can be held liable either directly due to their negligence or vicariously for the negligence of an employee in cases of hospital malpractice. When hiring a member of staff, a hospital has to take great care. The hospital is supposed to

Read Devil in a Blue Dress by Walter Mosley and compare the advantages Essay

Read Devil in a Blue Dress by Walter Mosley and compare the advantages and disadvantages of first person point of view to point - Essay Example 2. Devil in a Blue Dress by Walter Mosley Every work of fiction is an amalgamation of fiction and reality where reality acts as a source of inspiration for the writer to enter the realm of fiction and twist the harsh veracity of life into a less brutal and bearable depiction of this world. â€Å"Devil in a Blue Dress† is a novel about the tale of Easy Rawlins who is a black American and is a self-made detective by profession. After fighting in World War 2 the protagonist of the novel settles in segregated Los Angeles and he is shown to be an individual who is haunted by his memories of the trauma of the war although he is fiercely proud of his home and overall achievement in life. The novel portrays the corrupt human existence and the degeneration that is gradually engulfing human beings and is turning them into robots that are channelized to attain monetary security, the more the better. The novel is narrated in first person narration which presents the readers with a myopic view of the whole situation i.e. the narrator Easy is the guide for the readers to understand the whole situation. ... This explanation about Albright might be true yet the readers do not have any evidence about this piece of information to be true or false because it is Easy’s personal point of view rather than an objective fact. However it cannot be denied that this form of narrative style establishes a close relation between the protagonist and the reader as it gives a chance for the audience to closely examine the protagonist’s actions and understand him well, as compared to rest of the characters who are introduced and described by the protagonist rather than an unbiased portrayal of every other character in the novel. The reader’s perception of Easy’s character can also be figuratively interpreted as the situation of majority of his fellow black men in real life i.e. his character is easily relatable to the hardships and problems that were faced by most of the American Blacks during and after World War 2 as it is stated in the novel, â€Å"I always tried to speak pr oper English in my life, the kind of English they taught in school, but I found over the years that I could only truly express myself in the natural, 'uneducated' dialect of my upbringing† (Mosley 10). It is such a common and heartfelt problem that has been faced by most of the Black Americans which not only makes such descriptions autobiographical but also help in forming a close bonding between the reader and the protagonist as Mosley rather than depicting farfetched or intangible ideas focusses on the mundane daily life of a black man and the problems he faced while growing up as well as an adult. At another place in the text it is stated, â€Å"A job in a factory is an awful lot like working on a plantation in the South. The bosses see all the

Modern historial narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern historial narrative - Essay Example This is because Giovanna was well known to be a beggar and professional poisoner. Often, circumstances have lead us to take paths that have landed us in trouble, as this was the case for Giovanna, who started and ended her days at the market place either trying to sell some concoction that could do this or that or begging for food and money for herself and her children after she become a widow. Despite her bad luck in life, Giovanna had a keen interest in business. She noted that the only reason people (mostly women) went to her, was for her portions and magic despite her numerous protests of her incompetence in the practice. She learned to embrace her newly found ‘skill’ and even accepted the role in time. News about her spread in Palermo- of course in secret among her clients and potential clients- and soon, she was a typical witch. She had all the classical characteristics of a witch, in that she was old- seventy-five years old to be precise- a widow and a beggar. People even said that she went out at night with â€Å"the women from beyond† (donna di fura) who were supernatural whose unpredictable decisions and fickle desires, people believed were responsible for their good or evil fortunes. Lavack1 says that more and more women visited Giovanna despite her persistence for incompetence. Moreover, the magic they sought was lethal and had to kill its victim through occult powers, thus leaving whoever understood or mediated those powers morally and legally without blame. In short, those who went to Giovanna went with the intent to murder. Even when her mixtures and spells did not attain their desired effect, the intent to kill remained. Challenged by the pressure from her customers, Giovanna dedicated herself to perfecting her skill in spells and magic potions. Giovanna soon made a casual discovery that changed her

Standard American Diet Versus a Nutritarian Diet

Standard American Diet Versus a Nutritarian Diet Essential Nutrients Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fat; they supply the calories to our body for energy and growth. Micronutrients include vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals; they do not contain calories but are essential for health and growth. They are found in whole foods, vegetables, beans, berries, and seeds. Standard American Diet In the standard American diet (SAD) about 85 percent of calories come from low-nutrient, high-calorie processed foods, animal products, dairy products and sweets. All these foods contribute to weight gain, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Only 10 percent of the SAD is from natural plants such as vegetables, beans, seeds and nuts, which contain micronutrients that help protect blood vessels and prevent cancer. Thats why we have an epidemic of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The Nutritarian Diet, Health Equation, and ANDI Scores A nutritarian diet is a diet plan rich in micronutrients based on the health equation: Health (H) = Nutrients (N) / Calories (C) This means the more nutrient dense your diet, the healthier you become. The Aggregate Nutrient Density Index (ANDI) ranks the nutrient value of many common foods based on the amount of nutrients per calorie. This system ranks foods on a scale from 1 to 1,000, with the most nutrient-dense cruciferous leafy green vegetables (kale, collard greens, mustard greens, and watercress) scoring at 1,000. The table in Dr. Fuhrmans ANDI Scores (https://www.drfuhrman.com/learn/library/articles/95/andi-food-scores-rating-the-nutrient-density-of-foods) is a list of ANDI Scores of many common foods. The Eat to Live Plan is a nutritarian diet plan with the following features: Large portions of green vegetables, raw or cooked Animal products limited to no more than three small servings per week No dairy, white flour, and white rice No processed foods, cold cereals, and sweets No sweeteners, except fruits and limited unsulfured dried fruits Carbohydrates with high ANDI scores, such as beans, peas, squashes, lentils, and intact whole grains Protective foods such as walnuts, mushrooms, onion, berries, and seeds. Food Pyramid Beef, sweets, cheese, milk, processed food, hydrogenated oil Rarely Poultry, eggs, oils Once a week or less Fish/Fat-free dairy Twice a week or less Raw nuts/Seeds 10-20% of calories Fruits 15-25% of calories Beans/Legumes 20-30% of calories Vegetables half raw and half cooked 30-70% of calories Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Refined grain products-such as bagels, white bread, pasta, white rice, most breakfast cereals, and other processed grains- have low nutrient value. These foods are rapidly digested and converted to sugar, raising the glucose level in the bloodstream in the same way as if you had consumed a cube of sugar. Studies have shown that long-term intake of refined grain products causes weight gain and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. The glycemic index (GI) ranks food on a scale from 0 to 100 according to their impact on blood sugar levels after eating. Foods with a high GI are digested and absorbed rapidly, producing steep rises in blood sugar and insulin levels. Low-GI foods are digested and absorbed slowly, producing gradual rises in blood sugar and insulin levels. The glycemic load (GL) measures the actual calories of glucose produced by a serving of the food. Carrot is a good example of the lack of precision inherent in using only the GI measure. Carrots GI is 35, which is fairly high. But when carrots are eaten raw, their glycemic effect is lessened as the body does not absorb all the calories in raw foods. Carrots GL is only 3. It is not a negative food, even for the diabetics. The Glycemic Index (GI) Food Chart (http://documents.hants.gov.uk/hms/HealthyEatingontheRun-LowGlycemicIndexFoodList.pdf) shows the GI for many common foods. Studies have shown that a diet with a higher GL is associated with a greater risk of colorectal, endometrial, and breast cancers. Refined grain products, soft drinks, and fruit juices can cause weight gain and lead to diabetes. Studies also show the this link becomes stronger as the individuals weight and insulin resistance increases.

The Battle of Bougainville :: essays research papers

The Solomon Islands campaign began with the taking of Guadalcanal in December 1942. In February 1943 the Russell Islands fell, and the New Georgia group followed in August 1943. At the end of 1943, the campaign reached its goal when American troops gained a solid foothold on the island of Bougainville. The Russells, New Georgia and Bougainville were objectives Objective: Isolate Rabaul The objective of the Solomon Islands campaign was to cut off Japan's major forward air and naval base at Rabaul, on the island of New Britain. Rabaul was the hub of Japanese air power in the south Pacific--a stopping point for planes coming from New Guinea in the southwest and Truk, the home of the Japanese Combined Fleet, in the south central Pacific. Bougainville was key to neutralizing Rabaul. Preliminary Attacks The first attack on Bougainville occurred Aug. 15, 1943. Eight Corsairs from Marine Fighter Squadron 214 (later known as the Black Sheep) flew up from the Russell Islands to strafe the Kahili airfield during American amphibious landings on the island of Vella Lavella. The lightning strike--a surprise so complete the Japanese did not have time to shoot back--damaged aircraft and refueling equipment on the ground and forestalled a night attack on the American amphibious force. because of their value as air bases. Battle of Empress Augusta Bay The evening of the landing, Army reconnaissance aircraft reported that a large Japanese surface force was heading for Bougainville. Task Force 39 intercepted it about 2:30 the following morning 45 miles west of Empress Augusta Bay. The American ships, executing maneuvers at breakneck speeds in the darkness to avoid Japanese long-range torpedoes, sank two enemy ships after three hours of heavy fire. With two other ships damaged in collisions while trying to avoid American torpedoes, the scattered Japanese chose to retreat. The American force had only two ships hit, both of which sustained moderate damage. The Japanese Response Battle of Empress Augusta Bay The evening of the landing, Army reconnaissance aircraft reported that a large Japanese surface force was heading for

Ecotourism & people Essay

Ecotourism is a branch of tourism which seeks to extend the concept of sustainability to the tourism industry. In recent years, concerns such as the planet’s sustainability, preservation of its natural resources, balancing human activities with Mother Nature’s needs and so on, have reached all-time highs. It is exactly concerns such as these which have led to the development and growth of ecotourism. There is no single universally accepted definition of ecotourism. Indeed, several researchers, tourism providers, environmental agencies and local bodies have formulated different definitions, which vary slightly in their scope and breadth. However, three key elements are central to most of the definitions encountered in a review of the existing literature, namely: sustainability of the ecotourism location; creating an appreciation among ecotourists of the need to preserve the natural environment; creating respect and/or contributing to the development of the local cultures (Eastwood, 2009). These characteristics of ecotourism quite obviously place it into sharp contrast with traditional mass tourism. Mass tourism often attracts tourists to locations that have been extensively developed in terms of infrastructure, facilities, communication networks and so on. In doing so, the natural and physical environment of such locations is dramatically altered, in ways that are irreversible. Moreover, large amounts of energy may be consumed to sustain such establishments. In contrast, ecotourism seeks maximum preservation of the natural environment of designated locations. Indeed, the very charm for an ecotourist lies in visiting a location that still remains largely untouched by modern development. Mass tourism also makes no claims to educate tourists with regard to the environment. The main offering of mass tourism is typically entertainment and leisure. Individuals availing this form of tourism typically use their holidays to take a temporary break from their commitments, choosing to relax and unwind during the interval before returning to their routine lifestyle. Unless the tourists specifically choose to embark on an educational journey in areas of personal interest, most journeys do not have serious objectives, and this factor is reflected in the marketing appeals used by mass tourism providers. Finally, while tourists in the realm of mass tourism are most certainly exposed to different cultures and people, this interaction is generally viewed as more of an exotic exposure rather than anything more meaningful or substantial. There is no pressing need felt by the tourists or the mass tourism providers to contribute to the different communities visited or to be concerned about their development. On the other hand, most genuine ecotourism initiatives are geared to the development of host communities, with long term planning and financial resources being channeled towards this objective (Schellhorn, 2010). Part Two: The Ecotourist Experience The unique aspects of the ecotourist experience and its implications for host communities are explored next. Motivations are not homogenous: It would be misleading to assume that all tourists visiting ecotourism locations have the same motivations. An analysis of tourists at Al Maha, an ecotourist resort in Dubai, revealed that the average tourist is simply motivated to come and enjoy the desert setting more than anything else. Many of the tourists are rich individuals, primarily businessmen and women, who simply desire an exotic temporary accommodation as an alternate to hotels in the city. While at the resort, such individuals do not sever ties with their corporations, or typically immerse themselves in the indigenous culture as the ideal ecotourist is expected to do. Another segment of tourists at this resort consists of honeymooning couples looking for a romantic getaway – again, not the stereotype of the dedicated ecotourist (Ryan & Stewart, 2009). Since the motivation itself is lacking, the Al Maha ecotourist resort is hardly able to change the tourists perceptions regarding sustainability or the need to preserve and appreciate the natural environment and local cultures. Scale of development: The Al Maha resort example discussed above also raises an import concern: the scale of development within ecotourism locations. Al Maha is extensively projected as an ecotourist destination; however, it has been extensively developed, almost resembling a luxury resort! The resort also consumes vast amounts of energy in maintaining its facilities, which runs somewhat contrary to the concept of sustainability of resources. Those in support of large scale ecotourist destinations claim that expansion of such projects is almost a prerequisite if such projects are required to have a substantial impact globally (Buckley, 2009). Tourist behavior may be counter-productive: A study conducted at three ecotourist destinations in the Himalayas revealed that, in some instances, so called â€Å"ecotourists† were actually creating compounding problems of pollution by littering and improper disposal of non-biodegradable items. Ironically, the management of hotels was doing no better either – discharge of untreated waste water was rampant (Batta, 2006). Such behavior is in complete violation of the spirit of ecotourism. It not only spoils the experience of true ecotourists who may also be frequenting such resorts, but is also a social issue since it creates discomfort for the local residents. New income may not be channeled in sustainable activities: Whereas income generation for the local community members at ecotourism locations is an expected and desired outcome, this new income may defeat the objectives of sustainability if it is channeled in undesired activities. For example, a case study conducted in Brazil and Peru revealed that locals used the income generated from employment at ecotourism locations to engage in needless, extravagant consumption of goods. Moreover, earning income from this means did not deter them from engaging in activities such as hunting or unsustainable exploitation of natural resources (Stronza & Pegas, 2008). This study highlights the need to educate the local communities involved in ecotourism initiatives if the full benefits of these initiatives are to be realized. The negative impacts of overcrowding: The ecotourist’s experience is most fulfilling if the location is perceived to offer a serene, calm environment, where one can get away from hustle-and-bustle and really connect with nature. This is precisely the reason why overcrowding can seriously deter the ecotourist’s enjoyment of his/her experience (Ormsby & Mannle, 2006). Managers of ecotourism locations are placed in a quandary, particularly if they are aiming to generate significant amount of funds from attracting tourists. On the one hand, they want their destination to become popular and attract the optimal level of tourists; on the other hand, if overcrowding occurs, then the destination loses its appeal for true ecotourists. Ethical dilemmas: In her article entitled â€Å"Ethics and ecotourism: connections and conflicts†, Stark (2002) proposed a series of questions pertaining to ethical concerns in the realm of ecotourism. A few summarized questions, pertinent especially to those in the tourism industry who provide travel packages claiming to be ecotours, are as follows: What is the â€Å"carrying capacity† of a specific site (or in other words, how many tourists it can support), beyond which the local environment would be prone to harm? Is ecotourism simply being projected as a fashion statement or something which is â€Å"in†? Are local cultures simply being objectified rather than truly appreciated? What are the net costs and benefits of ecotourism activities? Do local communities benefit, and are they involved at each level of implementation? Is care being taken, particularly in developing countries, that sites which have rich traditional or cultural heritage are not being exploited for commercial purposes? These are just some of the numerous questions which come to the fore when choosing a destination for ecotourism and designing and implementing a strategy which is ethically sound. It is an accepted fact that the development of any form of tourism, even ecotourism, has long-lasting impacts on local communities. Therefore, it is vital for ecotourism development agencies to take the locals on board and determine in advance what nature and level of changes are acceptable to them (Butcher, 2006). Unsuitable nature of education provisions: Stem et. al (2003), in an article entitled â€Å"Ecotourism and education for sustainability: a critical approach†, that most of the insights and educational experienced provided at ecotourism locations currently are not up to par and sufficient to generate a proper understanding of sustainability and environmentally friendly activities among tourists. Some tours provide theoretical data, others provide adventure and thrill, whereas still others merely encourage tourists to immerse themselves in their surroundings and appreciate natural beauty. What is lacking is the kind of education which would motivate attitudinal and behavioral change among tourists, not only while they are on tour but something which they can appreciate, act upon and tell others about as well once the tour has ended. Longitudinal studies could be employed to find out whether ecotourists actually change and maintain their changed behavior over an extended period of time after a given trip, but such studies have largely been lacking to date (Buckley, 2009).

Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale

Previously, the courts had only allowed awards of compound interest if the claimant could establish a property right (though this was later reversed in Samara Metals Ltd v IIRC[I]). Accordingly Westchester bank argued that when it paid over the money a re us Ting trust arose immediately, because the bank plainly did not intend to make a gift. Among t he arguments, counsel for the bank submitted that a resulting trust arose on all unjust enrichment claim s, which this was, given that the basis for the initial contract had failed.The council contended that on trade sectional trust law principles here could be no resulting trust (and therefore no property right, and comps undo interest) because the council's conscience could not be affected when it could not know (before the judgment in Hazel) that the contract was void. A resulting trust needed to be linked to a deemed intent Zion of the parties that money be held on trust, but there was none because the bank had intended t he money to pass under a valid swap agreement (even though it did not turn out that way).It followed t hat compound interest could only begin accruing from the later date of the council's conscience been g affected. On the 18 February 1 993, Hoboes J held the bank could recover the money because the council had been unjustly enriched at the bank's expense, and could recover compound I interest. Hazel v Hammerheads and Pelham LABEL] was considered and Sinclair v Brougham] was applied. On the 17 December 1993, the Court of Appeal, with Dillon U, Elegant LLC and Kennedy LLC, upheld the High Court, with Andrew Burrows acting for Collision LB, and Jonathan Assumption ICQ for Westchester.The council appealed. Judgment The House of Lords by a majority (Lord Brownstone's, Lord Slyly and Lord d Lloyd) held that Westchester bank could only recover its money with simple interest because e it only had a personal claim for recovery in a common law action of money had and received. But the e bank had no pro prietary equitable claim under a resulting trust. There was no resulting trust because t was necessary that the council's conscience had been affected when it received the money, by knoll edge that the transaction had been ultra fires and void.Consequently it was necessary that there would d be an â€Å"intention† that the money be held on trust, but this was not possible because nobody knew that the transaction would turn UT to be void until the House of Lords' decision in Hazel v Hammerheads and Pelham LB in 1991. [4] In his Lordship's view all resulting trusts (even those described by Meagerly a s â€Å"automatic† in Re Bandleader's Trusts (No depended on intention and were not connected with the law of unjust enrichment. It followed that no trust arose, and there was only a personal claim m for the money back.This meant, said the majority, that only simple interest, and not compound interest t was payable (a controversial decision that was overturned in Samara Meta ls Ltd v IIRC[6]). The two dissenting judges, Lord Goff and Lord Wolf, also thought that there would be no resulting trust of the money because if a proprietary claim were available, in other case s like this it would have an unfair impact on other creditors of an insolvent debtor, and similarly because it could potentially be unfair if assets could be traced.However, they would have held that compound d interest should be available on personal claims. Lord Goff, however, expressly did not enter into a discussion of the points about unjust enrichment that went beyond the scope of the present case. Lord d Wolf quoted De Havilland v Powerboat[7] where Lord Mansfield CA stated, â€Å"that though by the common law, book debts http://en. Kipped. Org/wick/ do not of course carry interest, it may be payable in consequence of the usage e of particular branches of trade; or of a special agreement†.There was no reason why compound intern SST should not be awarded if it was ordinary com mercial practice. Lord Goff gave his judgment first, agreeing that there was no resulting trust of r different reasons, but in dissent arguing that compound interest should be awarded on personal claim (2) A proprietary claim in restitution have already stated that restitution in these cases can be achieved by means off personal claim in restitution. The question has however arisen whether the Bank should also have the benefit of an equitable proprietary claim in the form of a resulting trust.The immediate reaction must be why should it? Take the present case. The parties have entered into commercial transaction. The transaction has, for technical reasons, been held to be void from the beginning. Each party is entitled to recover its money, with the result that the balance must be repaid. But why should the plaintiff Bank be given the additional benefits Lord Goff. Which flow from a proprietary claim, for example the benefit of achieving priority in the event of the defendant's inso lvency?After all, it has entered into a commercial transact Zion, and so taken the risk of the defendant's insolvency, just like the defendant's other car editors who have contracted with it, not to mention other creditors to whom the defendant t may be liable to pay damages in tort. Feel bound to say that I would not at first sight have thought that an equitable proprietary claim in the form of a trust should be made available to the Bank I n the present case, but for two things.The first is the decision of this House in Since air v Brougham [1 914] AC 398, which appears to provide authority that a resulting trust may ended arise in a case such as the present. The second is that on the authority sees there is an equitable jurisdiction to award the plaintiff compound interest in cases who ere the defendant is a trustee. It is the combination of those two factors which has pr vided the foundation for the principal arguments advanced on behalf of the Bank in sup port of its submission that it was entitled to an award of compound interest.Lord Goff considered points about compound interest, suggesting there as no particular reason why compound interest should not be awarded for persona I claims. He then continued on the issue of proprietary restitution†¦ In a most interesting and challenging paper published in Equity: Contemporary Y Legal Developments (1992 deed. Goldstein). Professor Birds has argued for a wider roll e for the resulting trust in the field of restitution, and specifically for its availability in ca sees of mistake and failure of consideration. His thesis is avowedly experimental, writ ten to test the temperature or the water.I feel bound to respond that the temperature o f the water must be regarded as decidedly cold: see. E. G. , Professor Burrows in [1995] RL R 15. And Mr.. W. J. Swaddling in (1996) 16 Legal Studies 133. In the first place, as Lord Brownstone's points out, to impose a resulting try just in such cases is inconsistent with t he traditional principles of trust law. For on re accept of the money by the payee it is to be presumed that (as in the present case) the Eden itty of the money is immediately lost by mixing with other assets of the payee, and at the at time the payee has no knowledge of the facts giving rise to the failure of consideration.By the time that those facts come to light, and the conscience of the payee may there ebb be affected, there will therefore be no identifiable fund to which a trust can attach h. But there re other difficulties. First, there is no general rule that the property in money paid under a void contract does not pass to the payee: and it is difficult to escape the con occlusion that, as a general rule, the beneficial interest to the money likewise passes to the p aye.This must certainly be the case where the consideration for the payment fails after the payment is made, as in cases of frustration or breach of contract: and there a appears to be no good reason why the sa me should not apply in cases where, as in the pres .NET case, the contract under which the payment is made is void ABA monition and the considerate on for the payment therefore fails at the time of payment. It is true that the doctrine of mistake might be invoked where the mistake is fundamental in the orthodox sense of that word.But that is not the position in the present case: moreover the mistake in the p resent case must be classified as a mistake of law which, as at the law at present stands, c rates its own special problems. No doubt that uncircumcised doctrine will fall to be race insider when an appropriate case occurs: but I cannot think that the present is such a case, since not only has the point not been argued but (as will appear) it is my opinion the t there is any event jurisdiction to award compound interest in the present case.For all of these reasons I conclude, in agreement with my noble and learned friend, that there e is no basis for holding that a resulting tru st arises in cases where money has been paid u ender a contract which is ultra fires and therefore void ABA monition. This conclusion has t he effect that all the practical problems which would flow from the imposition of a rest Ting trust in a case such as the present, in particular the imposition upon the recipient o f the normal duties of trustee, do not arise.The dramatic consequences which would occur re detailed by Professor Burrows in his article on ‘Swaps and the Friction between n Common Law and Equity' in [1995] RL 1 5, 27: the duty to account for profits accruing f room the trust property; the inability of the payee to rely upon the defense of change of position: the absence of any limitation period: and so on. Professor Burrows even goes so far as to conclude that the action for money had and received would be rendered otiose SE in such cases, and indeed in all cases where the payer seeks restitution of mistaken p aments.However, if no resulting trust arises, it al so follows that the payer in a case such h as the resent cannot achieve priority over the payee's general creditors in the even OTF his insolvency a conclusion which appears to me to be just. For all these reasons conclude that there is no basis for imposing a resulting trust in the present case, and I therefore reject the Bank's submission that it was here .NET title to proceed by way of an equitable proprietary claim. I need only add that, in area Chining that conclusion, I do not find it necessary to review the decision Of Colluding J. N C hash Manhattan Bank AN v Israelites Bank (London) Ltd [1 981] Chi 105. Lord Brotherliness's judgment, agreed with by the majority, followed. Was there a Trust? The Argument for the Bank in Outline The Bank submitted that, since the contract was void, title did not pass at the date of payment either at law or in equity. The legal title of the Bank was extinguish d as soon as the money was paid into the mixed account, whereupon the legal title be came me vested in the local authority.But, it was argued, this did not affect the equitable inter est., which remained vested in the Bank (â€Å"the retention of title point†). It was submitted t hat whenever the legal interest in property is vested in one person and the equity blew interest n another, the owner of the legal interest holds it on trust for the owner of the e equitable title: â€Å"the separation of the legal from the equitable interest necessarily import TTS a trust. † For this latter proposition (â€Å"the separation of title point†) the Bank, of course, relies on Sinclair v Brougham [1914] AC 598 and Chase Manhattan Bank [1981] Chi 105.The generality of these submissions was narrowed by submitting that the trust t which arose in this case was a resulting trust â€Å"not of an active character†: see per Vise count Holland L. C. In Sinclair v Brougham, at p. 421. This submission was reinforced , after implosion of the oral argument, by sen ding to your Lordships Professor Pete r Birds' paper Restitution and Resulting Trusts,† Goldstein, Equity: Contemporary Leg al Developments (1992). P. 335. Unfortunately your Lordships have not had the advantage of any submissions from the local authority on this paper, but an article by Wi Lima Swaddling â€Å"A new role for resulting trusts? 16 Legal Studies 133 puts forward c enter arguments which I have found persuasive. It is to be noted that the Bank did not found any argument on the basis that t he local authority was liable to repay either as a constructive trustee or under the in p reason liability of the wrongful recipient of the estate of a deceased person establish deed by In re Diploid [1 948] Chi. 465. Therefore do not further consider those points. The Breadth of the Submission Although the actual question in issue on the appeal is a narrow one, on the AR GU meets presented it is necessary to consider fundamental principles of trust law.

Switch Statement in Ruby

How to Use the Case/Switch Statement in Ruby In most computer languages, the case or conditional (also known as  switch) statement compares the value of a variable with that of several constants or literals and executes the first path with a matching case. In Ruby, its a bit more flexible (and powerful). Instead of a simple equality test being performed, the case equality operator is used, opening the door to many new uses. There are some differences from other languages though. In C, a switch statement is a kind of replacement for a series of if and goto statements. The cases are technically labels, and the switch statement will go to the matching label. This exhibits a behavior called fallthrough, as the execution doesnt stop when it reaches another label. This is usually avoided using a break statement, but fallthrough is sometimes intentional. The case statement in Ruby, on the other hand, can be seen as a shorthand for a series of if statements. There is no fallthrough, only the first matching case will be executed. The Basic Form of a Case Statement The basic form of a case statement is as follows. As you can see, this is structured something like an if/else if/else conditional statement. The name (which well call the value), in this case inputted from the keyboard, is compared to each of the cases from the when clauses (i.e.  cases), and the first when block with a matching case will be executed. If none of them match, the else block will be executed. Whats interesting here is how the value is compared to each of the cases. As mentioned above, in C, and other C-like languages, a simple value comparison is used. In Ruby, the case equality operator is used. Remember that the type of the left-hand side of a case equality operator is important, and the cases are always the left-hand side. So, for each when clause, Ruby will evaluate case value until it finds a match. If we were to input Bob, Ruby would first evaluate Alice Bob, which would be false since String# is defined as the comparison of the strings. Next, /[qrz]./i Bob would be executed, which is false since Bob doesnt begin with Q, R or Z. Since none of the cases matched, Ruby will then execute the else clause. How the Type Comes Into Play A common use of the case statement is to determine the type of value and do something different depending on its type. Though this breaks Rubys customary duck typing, its sometimes necessary to get things done. This works by using the Class# (technically, the Module#) operator, which tests if the right-hand side is_a? left-hand side. The syntax is simple and elegant: Another Possible Form If the value is omitted, the case statement works a bit differently: it works almost exactly like an if/else if/else statement. The advantages of using the case statement over an ​if statement, in this case, are merely cosmetic. A More Compact Syntax There are times when there are a large number of small when clauses. Such a case statement easily grows too large to fit on the screen. When this is the case (no pun intended), you can use the then keyword to put the body of the when clause on the same line. While this makes for some very dense code, as long as each when clause is very similar, it actually becomes more readable. When you should use single-line and multi-line when clauses are up to you, its a matter of style. However, mixing the two is not recommended - a case statement should follow a pattern to be as readable as possible. Case Assignment Like if statements, case statements evaluate to the last statement in the when clause. In other words, they can be used in assignments to provide a kind of table. However, dont forget that case statements are much more powerful than simple array or hash lookups. Such a table doesnt necessarily need to use literals in the when clauses. If there is no matching when clause and no else clause, then the case statement will evaluate to nil.

Plato and Descartes on the Soul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato and Descartes on the Soul - Essay Example † to which the former replied, â€Å"No, by God, I haven’t. Are you really in the position to assert that?† (Lorenz), is also the modern man’s rebuttal. There perhaps can never be an end to the discussion of the topic until one soul will come and show us all where we could have been wrong and where we could have been right in our arguments about it. As the soul is not a physical being that we can say where it is while we know its existence or can we tell where it has gone or what happens to it when we know its demise. However, although the issue has never been quite resolved, enlightenment on the issue have been initiated by such great philosophers like Plato and Descartes whose thoughts would be the main sources of this paper, seeing where they meet and where they contrast. Plato is the well known student of Socrates who carried with him most of his mentor’s philosophies and brought them to the existence it enjoys until this day. The son of wealthy Athenians, he sought education from well known philosophers during his time and has learned a great deal from them, taking his education seriously. He had been a good student, looking to the benefits of education rather than squandering their wealth in the pursuits of young men his age when he was seriously following his teachers. Rene Descartes on the other hand is not just a French Philosopher but also a Scientist, Psychologist and Mathematician who is popularly known for his Cartesian system. He also known for his philosophy of ‘cogito ergo sum’ meaning, ‘I reflect, therefore I am’ meaning. This, he uses to support his stand in the existence of the soul whether in the body or after the destruction of the body. Having been influenced by the early Greek philosophers who believed that a person is not just a body but has a soul, both Plato and Descartes believed the same notion, yielding to the idea that the soul is immoral in contrast to what some Greeks he ld like Glaucon. While Glaucon believed that the soul is like breath or smoke that can be extinguished during death, Plato most agreed to his mentor, Socrates, when it comes to the understanding of the soul. In Phaedo, Plato displayed his conversations with Socrates which expressed the two philosophers’ agreements and disagreements. They argue that the soul is immortal because it is life and is life in itself as fire is heat and is heat by itself. Descartes on the other hand does not offer much to his belief about the immortality of the soul but probably has adopted the general notion that truly, the soul is eternal and he approached his philosophy with the help of Science. During his time, the pineal gland was a subject for study among philosophers and scientists and he held it as the seat of interaction of the soul and body but not the abode of the soul (Lokhorst). The pineal gland, to him is th place where all thoughts are formed (custance.org). He believed that the brain is different from the soul and made a distinct separation among the body, soul and brain. The body an brain are to simply mechanistic, taking for example the animals who do not have souls, act mechanically in response to the circumstances in their surroundings. Human beings on the other hand differentiated from the animals through their souls because even if they have bodies and brains like the animals, they have sense perceptions and physical passions. He further explains that though these passions are expressed through the body, the awareness of the actions lies in the soul. Similarly or more on the contrary, for Plato, the soul distinguishes animate from inanimate. He claims that it is what makes a body, living, breathing and moving (Lorenz). Plato then considers animals and plants to

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) Essay

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) - Essay Example One such mechanism is the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) initiative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Ebola virus has been principally restricted to underdeveloped nations of the world. Consequently, no vaccine or drug to address it has been produced, despite its presence for nearly four decades. The current outbreak of this disease has been of such gravity that the developed nations have been seriously striving to produce vaccines and drugs to deal with it. The rapidity with which this dread infection is spreading has necessitated an approach that ignores the existing rules governing the delivery of new drugs. The WHO clearly stated that when certain conditions were satisfied, it would not be unethical to provide vaccines and drugs, in the experimental stage to prevent infection (The Economist, 2014, p. 85). The experimental serum ZMapp, developed by the US, was injected to two missionaries of the US, after they had been infected with the Ebola virus in Liberia. These missionaries were subsequently relocated to the US and were undergoing treatment in that nation. In the aftermath of this incident, the WHO conducted a meeting to discuss the ethical issues involved in administering experimental drugs to individuals infected with the Ebola virus (Dionne, 2014). In addition, this drug had also been given to a small number of US health officials who had been infected with the Ebola virus in West Africa. The apparent success of this drug in combating the dread Ebola virus induced the US health officials to ask some of the most advanced biology laboratories to present it with plans for producing it (The Guardian, 2014). As such, the provision of healthcare is biased, and the above evidence demonstrates it adequately. The American missionaries had been given the promising new drug, whereas no attempt was

Mass Media, Culture, and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mass Media, Culture, and Society - Essay Example Mass media has traditionally been associated with the responsibility of imparting useful information to the wider masses. This role however has changed over the years. With the passage of time, popular culture has impacted the media. News channels are now focused on giving information, which will earn the channels and the programs higher TRP ratings as opposed to following the rules and regulations. Videos of terrorist attacks and bombings which have been aired on the national news channels are not only disturbing, but it is also against the rules of broadcasting. Similarly newspapers and tabloids print pages contain information about celebrities and their lives, where more pressing issues are often ignored (Berger, 10). A couple of decades back, even movies and TV shows had some morals in them which the producers and writers wanted to put across to the world. They were a source of entertainment but in addition to that they were also a source of beneficial lesson or information. This has changed today. Today the media is market driven. They show the masses what they want to see. The entertainment industry is taking over, to an extent that even news broadcasting has become a source of entertainment (Stevenson). Political talk shows, which have been providing a platform for politicians to discuss topics of interest on a neutral ground, have now become programs which just show how these politicians argue and insult each other. News broadcasting has turned very similar to live drama broadcasting. ... Instead of producing films which are creative and convey a certain message across to the audience, the films produced follow a certain formula that emphasizes on materialistic and superficial things. With shallow and unconvincing characters, these films are based on the basic concept of aggression and greed. The plots are simple to the point that it looks as if templates are used for film making (Berger, 111). One recent example of a news channel broadcasting visuals for higher ratings was from the incident that took place in Karachi on November 28, 2012. A man fell from an 8-storey high building and the Pakistani news channels were constantly telecasting a live video footage of the entire incident. This news piece is one of the many examples which are telecasted on the local news channels. In order to get higher ratings and stay ahead of the numerous competitors, news channels pride themselves to be the first ones to convey the latest new to the masses. However, in the process of be ing on the top and being the first ones at every incident, news channels have forgotten the basic ethics that should follow (Khan). Another example of the amalgamation of mass media and culture are the numerous talk shows, which are aired almost every night on the Pakistani news channels. These shows include Mere Mutabiq (According to Me), To the Point, Target Point and Islamabad tonight to name a few. All of these shows follow the same pattern – members of opposing parties sitting together and discussing recent issues. However, what actually takes place is not discussion, but a blame game. Each party member blames the other political party for misconduct and corruption and thus, results in an argument. Journalism ethics

Public image and social status Essay Example for Free

Public image and social status Essay As we can see, the two generations react differently to questioning by the Inspector. Mr. and Mrs. Birling are at first indignant and resistant to the Inspectors queries, and when they learn what is going on fully they rack their brains for a solution to the problem that has arisen, namely that the family name will be publicly disgraced and that they may lose custom at the office, resulting in a degradation of their lifestyle, public image and social status. However, Eric and Sheila show totally different reactions to Mr. and Mrs. Birling, when the Inspector questions them. Both members of the younger tell the truth to the Inspector, and both are, at one time or another, strong advocates of the truth, believing that repentance for their collective crimes is by far more important than saving face in public. Throughout the whole play, Sheila encourages the entire family to tell the truth and admit their crimes. Eric, in turn, tells the truth and advocates acceptance of the truth and repentance once the Inspector has left. The two different generation groups show different reactions to the incident, and neither can understand the mentality of the other when it comes to the way they deal with the situation after the Inspector leaves. After the Inspector leaves, the Birlings and Gerald discover that Inspector Goole was not a real Inspector at all, but a fake. Mr. and Mrs. Birling and Gerald are overjoyed when they discover that they are not in jeopardy of being linked to the untimely death of a young girl, but Eric and Sheila maintain that this turn of events changes nothing, they should be sorry for the actions they have taken and learn from the events that transpired that evening. Then, on the last page of the text and in the last few seconds of the play, there is a telephone call to tell the Birlings that a girl has just died in the infirmary and an inspector is on his way to visit them. This could lead the audience to think that perhaps the Inspector was an anthropomorphic personification of the collective consciences of the Birlings and Gerald, who was sent to the Birlings to teach them their lesson before it was too late. During this saving of the Birlings we learn that it is the younger generation who, contrary to popular belief, are accepting of their wrongdoing and prepared to change and learn from this event, whether its repercussions reached as far as degrading their lives or not. However, the older generation, who may normally be expected to act as the younger generation have, refuse to accept responsibility for their own actions and are only concerned with maintaining the lifestyle they have carved out for themselves, whether it remains spiritually and conscientiously empty or not. For a full and true understanding of An Inspector Calls, one must first have a knowledge and understanding of how the dates of the play (the date it was set, the date it was first shown, and the dates of major world events that occurred between the time of its setting and the time of its first showing) are all inextricably linked, and combine to magnify the impact of the message Priestley is trying to convey to his audience. It would be sensible to assume that the Inspector in the play represents Priestley himself, as the morals and values exhibited by the Inspector reflect Priestleys own; they both believe that all people should be treated as equals, for example. The representation of Priestleys political and philosophical opinions in the play is reinforced in the younger generation (Gerald and Sheila Birling) as they both exhibit a preference for social responsibility and care towards fellow humans. Conversely, Mr. Birling brings together all of the personality traits and attitudes that Priestley so hated and fervently campaigned against, the arrogance of those left over from the Old Edwardian era, the perception of we, the rich and they, the poor, and the unwavering confidence that this state of affairs could never change, coupled with an inability to see any possible breakdown of this system. This character profile and viewpoint is backed up by Mrs. Birling who shares Mr. Birlings views, and provides a supporting role to reinforce the contrast between the Inspector/Priestleys Socialist views and the Edwardian upper-class views of Mr. and Mrs. Birling. The diametrically opposed views and personalities of these two characters in itself would be enough to highlight just how strong Priestleys views are, but this is coupled with a superb manipulation of the timing of the plays setting and first showing. The play was written in 1944-45, first shown in Moscow in 1945 and in London in 1946, and was set in 1912. In the first act of the play, Mr. Birling makes an impassioned speech that details his political views and makes several statements in the aforementioned arrogance of his peer group; namely, that there will be no war Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two; the Titanic is unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable; that all the fuss about the Labour party will have blown over; and that Russia . . . will always be behindhand. These statements, in the intervening years between the date of the plays setting and the date of the plays showing, prove to be wholly inaccurate. Two World Wars have broken out, both heavily involving the Germans, the Titanic has sunk after a collision with an iceberg, the Labour party has been voted in several times and will have continued success even though the war is won under a Conservative Churchill, and Russia will become a great 20th Century world power and birthplace of fabulous wealth due to its abundance of natural resources. As well as Mr. Birlings predictions for the future being dashed to pieces by world events of the next 20 years, his very philosophies on how society should operate were proven to be outdated and incompatible with modern life by the new Socialist movement. The twelve years between 1906 and 1918 proved to be the turning point that defined our current political system in this country and the advent of the nanny state. In this period the vote for parliamentary elections was rolled out to all persons aged 18 and over, education became compulsory up to the age of 12, and the Social Security system was founded, providing pensions and unemployment for people who needed them. Granted, these systems were not perfect, but this interlinked lattice of world events, the socialist movement, and the timing of the play serves to make Priestleys point just as eloquently and effectively as the play itself does.

The Choice Of Qualitative And Quantitative Psychology Essay

The Choice Of Qualitative And Quantitative Psychology Essay This chapter presents a detailed justification of the research approach used to answer the research questions and achieve the aim and objectives outlined in chapter one. The chapter begins with an overview of social research design. Section xxx discusses the research paradigm as the theoretical research approach. Section xxx discusses the research methodology. Section xxx discusses the methods adopted in this research for data collection. The chapter outlines the sampling techniques, piloting study and analysis techniques. The chapter also illustrates the research validity, reliability, triangulation, ethical consideration and generalizability of the study. Research Design: Research is defined as an in-depth study of a particular issue or phenomenon which the researcher investigates to solve problems related to that issue/phenomenon Marshall, 1997; Brewerton and Millward, 2001; Wilkinson and Birmingham, 2003; Creswell, 2007; Bryman and Bell, 2007). In the social sciences, various researchers present the research overview the theoretical and practical approaches in different ways. The differences in presentation can be clearly identified between the models of Sarantakos (1998); Crotty (2005) and Saunders et al., (2007). These authors agree that social research can be thought of in terms of the theoretical and practical approaches. However, the terminology adopted varies between. For instance, they use different terminology which can be confusing for other researchers. This section explains three different research designs in other to choose the appropriate research design for the study. Sarantakos (1998) identified three levels of research (see Figure xxx). The first level includes the researchers theoretical approach which combines the epistemology and theoretical perspective, which Sarantakos calls the research paradigm. The second and third levels represent the practical approach which contains the research methodology and methods respectively. Figure xxx: Sarantakos social research design, adopted from Sarantakos (1998) Crotty (2005) named four different research levels for the social research (see Figure xxxx). The first two stages comprise the theoretical approach which contains the research epistemology and theoretical perspective. The following two stages comprise the practical approach the research methodology and methods. Based on Crotty (2005), the four levels are interdependent, as the choice of the research epistemology is followed by the choice of theoretical perspective, the choice of study methodology and the choice of specific methods of data collection and analysis. The last two stages methodology and methods of Crotty and Saratakos model are very similar. However, in terms of theoretical approaches, Crotty outlines two levels epistemology and theoretical perspective are merged into one level the research paradigm in Sarantakos model. Figure xxx presents Crotty (2005) research design. Figure xxx: Crotty social research design, adopted from Crotty (2005) Saunders et al., (2007) offer a different model for social research design which they call the research onion. According to this model, there are six levels in social science research. The research levels are philosophies (e.g. interpretivism); approaches (contain either inductive or deductive); strategies (the research methodology); choices (types of research methods); time horizons (cross-sectional or longitudinal) and techniques and procedures (which includes data collection and analysis techniques). In this model, the theoretical approach contains research philosophies and approaches (inductive and deductive). Meanwhile, the practical approach contains the strategies as a methodology and the other three levels contain the research methods. The methods include both data collection methods and data analysis methods. Figure xxx presents the research onion according to Saunders et al., (2007: 132) Figure xxx: Research onion, Saunders et al., (2007: 132) The three research designs have considerable overlaps in their consideration into the theoretical and practical approaches. This research focuses on Sarantakos model, since it reflects more appropriately the research design adopted in this study. The following sections discuss in details this research design. The Research Paradigm: As mentioned early in Sarantakos research design, the first level reflects the theoretical approach and is named the reseach paradigm (Sarantakos, 1998). The paradigm is a particular theme that is used to test and understand social phenomena (Gephart, 1999; Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). Guba and Lincoln (1994) classified social science research into two models; a subjectivist qualitative (constructivist) model and an objectivist quantitative (positivism and post-positivism) model. Guba (1990) explained that there is a third relativist paradigm called pragmatism which combines the subjectivist qualitative model and objectivist quantitative model and its a paradigm on its own. Later, several authors (e.g. Reichardt and Rallis, 1994; Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998; Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004; Pansiri, 2005; Creswell and Clark, 2007) agreed that the paradigm which mixes qualitative and quantitative approaches is pragmatism. Table xxx compares positivism, post-positivism, constructivism wit h pragmatism. Table xxx; Compares different positivism, post-positivism, constructivism with pragmatism (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998: 23) Paradigm Positivsm Post-positivism Pragmatism Constructivism Methods Quantitative Primarily Quantitative Quantitative + Qualitative Qualitative Logic Deductive Primarily deductive Deductive + Inductive Inductive Epistemology Objective point of view. Knower and Known are dualism Modified dualism. Findings probably objectively true Both objective and subjective point of view Subjective point of view. Knower and Known are inseparable. Axiology Inquiry is value-free Inquiry involves values, but they may be controlled Values play a large role in interpreting results Inquiry is value-bound Ontology NaÃÆ' ¯ve realism Critical or transcendental realism Accept external reality. Choose explanations that best produce desired outcomes Relativism Causal Linkages Real causes temporarily precedent or simultaneous with effects There are some lawful, reasonable relationships among social phenomena. These may be known imperfectly. Causes are identifiable in probabilistic sense that changes over time. There may be causal relationships, but we will never be able to pin them down All entities simultaneously shaping each other. Its impossible to distinguish causes from effects Pragmatism: Pragmatism is a term derived from the Greek word pragma meaning action, from which the words practice and practical come (James, 2000). Dewey (1920) explained that pragmatism philosophy discover the meaning of idea that needs to be checked consequently. Therefore, when researcher judges a phenomenon, they must follow its empirical and practical consequences and note its impact on the study population (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998). Moreover, Easterby et al., (2008) explained that, by using pragmatism, researchers have to study individual experiences very well in order to develop an understanding of a particular phenomenon. Moreover, Krauss (2005) explained that the pragmatist paradigm focuses on qualitative versus quantitative data and that to answer research questions, researchers have to mix objective and subjective approaches. Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) clarified that by using pragmatism, the research logic contains deductive and inductive approaches. Therefore, the pragmatism philosophy rejects the use of particular research philosophies, such as positivism, post-positivism and constructivism. In addition, Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) explained that pragmatism focuses on both the meaning and the truth of ideas. Truth is what works at the time and it is not based on a dualism between whether reality is independent of the mind or within the mind. Therefore, when judging ideas, pragmatists consider their empirical and practical consequences. Pragmatism is a research philosophy that eliminates the need of making a forced choice regarding the research epistemology between constructivism and positivism (including post-positivism). A pragmatic paradigm dismisses traditional assumptions about the nature of knowledge, truth and the nature of inquiry. Furthermore, for pragmatists, the research question is more important than the research method that is used (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004). Creswell (2003) explained that the choice of the research paradigm (pragmatism) related mainly to the purpose and nature of the research questions. The pragmatism allowed the researchers to study different interested areas by employing different sources of evidence (methods) that are appropriate and explain the study findings in a positive manner (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998 and Creswell, 2003). Therefore, pragmatism is classified as one of the suitable research philosophies in social and management research that investigates beliefs and attitudes using mixed methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches (Creswell, 2003). Reichardt and Rallis (1994) explained that there is much debate about whether pragmatism is in fact a research philosophy because it holds the centre-ground between two well-established social research philosophies. Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) and Robson (2005) confirmed that pragmatism is no longer a debatable philosophy but has achieved widespread use in social research. To achieve the aim of this research, pragmatism has been chosen as a research philosophy. The next part will discuss the mix between the qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The Choice of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approach: Discussions have been held by series of researchers in connection with the difference between quantitative and qualitative approaches, including Brewer and Hunter (1989), Silverman (2000), Brewerton and Milward (2001), Holliday (2002), Thomas (2003), Corbetta (2003) and Cooper and Schindler (2005). While quantitative researchers base their accounts on figures and numerical information, according to Gelo et al., (2008), qualitative researchers rely on non-numerical data, for instance words, narrative and feelings. Maanen et al., (1982: 32) introduced a verbal picture to help readers understand the difference between both research types as follows: Quality is the essential character or nature of something; quantity is the amount. Quality is the what; quantity the how much. Qualitative refers to the meaning, the definition or analogy or model or metaphor characterizing something, while quantitative assumes the meaning and refers to a measure of it. Furthermore, Bryman (1996) and Cooper and Schindler (2005) noted that quantitative and qualitative approaches are both valid and researchers can use either. Clarke and Dawson (2000) and Gray (2009) suggested that according to the nature of the research, researchers can mix different approaches, as it hard in deciding the better or more useful approach. Miller and Brewer (2003) confirmed that using a mixed method approach decreases the weaknesses and limitations of the research. Table xxx compare quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods procedures (Creswell, 2003: 19). Table xx: Comparison between quantitative and qualitative research (Source: Creswell, 2003:19) Tend to or Typically Qualitative Approaches Quantitative Approaches Mixed Methods Approaches Use these philosophical assumptions Employ these strategies of inquiry Constructivist/Advocacy /Participatory knowledge claim Phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study, and narrative Post-positivist knowledge claim Surveys and experiments Pragmatist knowledge claim Sequential, concurrent, and transformative Employ these methods Open-ended questions, emerging approaches, text or image data Closed-ended questions, predetermined approaches, numeric data Both open-and closed-ended questions, both emerging and predetermined approaches, and both quantitative and qualitative data and analysis Use these practices of research as the researcher Position himself or herself and collects participant meanings. Focuses on a single concept or phenomenon Bring personal values into the study Studies the context or setting of participants. Validates the accuracy of findings Makes interpretations of data Creates an agenda for change or reform Collaborates with the participants Tests or verifies theories or explanation Identifies variables to study Relates variables in questions or hypotheses Uses standard of validity and reliability Observes and measures information numerically Use unbiased approaches Employs statistical procedures Collects both quantitative and qualitative data Develops a rationale for mixing Integrates the data at different stages of inquiry Presents visual pictures of the procedures in the study. Employs the practices of both qualitative and quantitative research. Additionally, there are different ways to implement quantitative and qualitative approaches in one study. Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) summarized these in Figure xx. This study combines qualitative and quantitative approaches in a sequential and equal way. The study starts with a qualitative approach through the analysis of mobile payment players (banks and mobile operators) documents and websites. This will then be followed by a quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey of potential consumers of mobile payment services. Time order decision Concurrent Sequential Paradigm emphasis decision Equal Status QUAL + QUAN QUAL à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ QUAN QUAN à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ QUAL Dominant Status QUAL + quan QUAN + qual QUAL à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ quan qual à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ QUAN QUAN à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ qual quan à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ QUAL Figure xxx: Mixed methods approach design matrix (the design used in this study is shown in bold). Note. qualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ stands for qualitative, quan stands for quantitative, + stands for concurrent, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ stands for sequential, capital letters denote high priority or weight, and lower case letters denote lower priority or weight. Source: Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004:22. Notation based on Morse, 1991. The Research Methodology: Crotty (2005: 3) identified the research methodology research process as: the strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes. Furthermore, Crotty (2005) made a clarification of research methodology as a strategy built on it, the data collection methods, and linking between the use of research methods and research outcomes. In addition, Crotty (2005) explained that there are different kinds of research methodology, and researchers should select the most suitable for their research topic. The research methods for this study: Having reviewed series of literatures, several factors led to the choice of methods used for this research. Triangulation methods have been proposed for this research and this will complement each other in order to yield a quality result. According to Tshakkori and Teddlie, (2003), triangulation is one way that involves a combination of data collection to get good results. Although the term triangulation has different meanings, it is associated with using combinations of methods with a strategy of convergent validity being common (Bryman 2004). Kholoud (2009) cites Johnson et al., (2007) who identified four types of triangulation: data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and methodological triangulation. Kholoud further cites the same authors for defining ways in which quantitative and qualitative methods can be combined. From research on technology acceptance perspective, technology acceptance has a dominant theoretical urge which is positivist in nature. The current research aim is to design a predictive viable model of behaviour intentions of users of technology services (in this case mobile payment). This objective requires the means of a structured, well-defined framework, and definite measurements that could establish relationships between variables, such that inferences could be made from the research study sample to a larger population. Most of these qualities can be addressed by quantitative research methods (Johnson et al., 2007). The stimulus of this study is to test hypotheses which relates to the proposed conceptual framework model as well as different hypothesized relationships previously accepted in technology acceptance context. The conceptual drive of this research is deductive in nature. The research proposes to follow a confirmatory strategy of research that needs empirical analysis (a way of proving or disproving previously assumed hypotheses related to mobile payment acceptance). Despite the fact that this study will be mainly quantitative, qualitative methods will be employed at the initial stages of the study. Structured observations will be employed allowing for in-depth assessment of mobile payment schemes in the country in order to determine those that could be researched. Figure xxx shows the eleven main steps in a quantitative research process. To answer the research question, this study aim to follow the path in the order in which they appear as shown below. However, the steps at times might overlap during the course of the research. Figure xxx: Process of Quantitative Research as outlined by Bryman Bell (2007). In this study, theories and literatures underpinning this study will be advanced to guide the research deductively. Research Designs: The major reason of this research is in testing the hypotheses which could explain the variance in the dependent variables. Such analyses fit a correlation study design as described herein. Correlation Designs: Correlational design measures two or more variables with the eventuality of measuring the dependent variables. It does not manipulate one or more independent variables. The major premise of this research was that if a statistical significant relationship was in existence between the independent and the dependent variables, there would be the possibility of predicting the dependent variable using information available in the other variable. Within quantitative methods, the investigation used correlation research design (see Figure xxx) to determine if there was an existence of some relationship between independent constructs and the dependent constructs of behaviour intention to use mobile payment. Figure xxx: Illustration of the Research Designs according to Mugenda (2008, p. 65) In this kind of scenario, the research study will apply reliability coefficients, multiple correlation coefficients, generalized linear regression model coefficients; and path model coefficients for different study assessments of the collected data. These will be discussed below: a) Reliability analysis will be carried out using Cronbachs Alpha commonly called coefficient for Internal Consistency (IC) and inter-item correlation coefficient. According to De Vellis (1991), reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument would yield the same results after repeated trials. Cronbachs Alpha provides information on the degree to which each item in the construct correlates with at least one other item of the construct. The analysis can estimate the proportion of true score variance that is captured by the indicators by comparing the sum of indicator variances with the variance of the sum scale. Cronbachs statistic was computed as follows: Cronbach = ÃŽÂ ± = number of items * number of items ÃÅ' ¶ 1 Where s ² denotes the variance for the number of individual items; s2 denotes the variance for the sum of all questions or items (which is esoteric and unique, and, therefore, uncorrelated across respondents), then the variance of the sum will be the same as the sum of variances of the individual questions/items. Therefore, coefficient alpha will be equal to zero. If all items are perfectly reliable and measure the same thing (true score), then coefficient alpha is equal to 1. In this investigation, the construct would demonstrate an acceptable level of reliability if the Cronbachs alpha was at least 0.6. b) Multiple correlation coefficients (R ²), will be used to describe the extent to which a dependent variable was explained by a set of independent variables. The statistic was used to measure the predictive power of the model that has been estimated. The value of R ² ranges from 0 to 1, and in this study, neither threshold nor the minimum value is pre-determined but instead the statistic only state the percentage variation in the dependent variables as explained by the independent variables. Symbolically, the (R ²) statistic is defined as follows: R ² = Where observ is the measurement of random variable observ on individual i. The est.observ and est.mean are the predicted measurements and mean values respectively. The mean of measurements for the n individuals is also factored into the calculation in equation 3.1 in order to obtain R ². A complete analysis of the entire model requires an examination of the goodness of fit using R ² and adjusted R-squared. The goodness of fit measures how well the model parameter estimates is able to explain the variations in the dependent factor of the model and reproduce the sample covariance matrix. The adjusted R ² equally measures the goodness of fit as does the R ², but instead, the former statistic takes into account the degrees of freedom (expressed as the number of observations and number of estimated coefficients) as stated in equation 3.2. Thus, Adjusted R ² = 1 c) The Generalized Linear Regression model (GLM) coefficients are weighted coefficients that indicate the magnitude, direction and significance of the possible linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The techniques measures both direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on dependent variable respectively. The technique handles the moderating effects in the analysis of linear models. The GLM was appropriate because of its nature of handling fixed factors, covariates and the interaction effects. The model results, will allow a direct comparison of the variance explained from both estimation measures. In the context of this study, it was hypothesized that three factors; performance expectancy, relevancy and social influence (culture) determine behaviour intentions. On the other hand, behaviour intentions together with facilitating conditions (technical support/training) determine usage. It was further postulated that the independent variables in the model were moderated by gender, age, experience and awareness, all of which required an appropriate modelling technique. Thus, the GLM that handled both direct and indirect effects were used in the form of the following equation (Eq. 3.4). Y = X ß + (X * M) ÃŽÂ ¸ + U Where Y is a matrix with multivariate measurements of the response or dependent variables X is a matrix of the block of independent variables; ß is a matrix of parameters to be estimated; U is the vector of the error terms. d) The path model employs the path analysis statistical technique for decomposing correlations into different pieces for interpretation of effect. It allows one to compare the direct effects of variables in a complex system of relationships. The path model measures direct effects or the possible inclination of the independent variables on the dependent variable in the network of variables. The path model only establishes linear relationships between variables and also indicates the predictive power of the model being evaluated. The mathematical relationships between the variables may be expressed as a set of linear equations, called the path model. According to Keeves, (1972) the fundamental principle of the path model that allows the linear equations to be estimated is: rà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¢ = Æ © p * r Where i and j denote two variables in the network and the index k includes all variables from which paths lead directly to the dependent construct (j), r is the correlation coefficient and p is the path coefficient. Equation 3.5 can be expanded by successive applications of the formula itself to r. In this case, the errors from behaviour intentions and facilitating conditions all point at usage behaviour. Expressed in expanded form can be read directly from the path diagram by using the following direct relationships in this study: BIC = ÃŽÂ ±PEC + ÃŽÂ ±REC + ÃŽÂ ±SOC BUC = ÃŽÂ ±FOC + ÃŽÂ ±BIC EBC = ÃŽÂ ±BUC Where BIC is Behavioural Intention, PEC is performance expectancy, REC is relevance, FOC is facilitating conditions, BUC is usage behaviour and EBC is expected benefits constructs respectively. In this study, a path coefficient with a negative sign implies an inverse relationship between constructs whereas a coefficient with a positive sign implies that there is a direct relationship between two constructs. Survey Designs: There are two types of surveys used when evaluating acceptance and use of technology as discussed in 3.2.1. These are longitudinal surveys and cross-sectional survey. Since mobile payment services being investigated are in their early years of introduction, the best survey method is a cross-sectional. By using cross-sectional survey, the study would be able to predict future usage. i) Cross-sectional survey The study proposes to use a survey approach to collect data that could be a representative of the real phenomena in the population from which the study sample will be drawn. The study will focus on the link between end-users behaviour intentions to use mobile payment services. In IS/IT evaluation studies, cross-sectional survey methods are not new because they have been used by several authors, Gefen et al., (2002), Chau and Hu (2001), Venkatesh and Davis (2000) and Venkatesh and Morris (2000). A cross-sectional survey design will be utilized to gather quantitative data to assess the relationships between the study variables. A cross-sectional study/research involves data collection that covers a one-off time period. Data collection of individual observations can occur at one point in time or may be over a period of days, weeks or months. In the case of the current study, the data collection aim to be for a period of three months. According to Mugenda (2008), Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), this sort of survey helps to establish whether significant associations among variables exist. The additional value of this type of survey is that one can generate testable hypotheses, which the current study aims to do. Cross-sectional designs have three distinctive features: there is no time dimension, only differences between groups are measured rather than changes over time; there is reliance on existing differences rather than change following any intervention and there is no allowance for differences to emerge over time; and grouping individuals in the sample is based on existing differences or according to a category or the independent variable to which they happened to belong rather than random allocation. The researcher was aware of the limitations of this type of investigation, but the research timeframe might not permit the use of a longitudinal study. When data is collected at more than one point in time and then later on, the study is considered longitudinal (Crestwell, 2003). Longitudinal studies are feasible when there is need to describe the pattern and direction of change and stability (De Vaus, 2001). The objective of this study is to understand usage behaviour as a dependent variable that would predict the actual usage of the services in future. The current study will employ cross-sectional survey and college students will be used for this study. Behaviour intention is associated with self-predicted future usage of a new technology. Furthermore, measuring behaviour intention as a predictor of future usage behaviour is also important. The researcher believes that the experience college students will gain in using mobile payment services would impact on their behavioural intentions if they intend to use the service in future. As reported in the conceptual framework section, behaviour intentions as a dependent variable measured in a cross-sectional study can help to identify future usage of mobile payment services. It is because of these reasons that the current study proposes to use a cross-sectional survey method which will be carried out over a period of three months. STUDY POPULATION Methods of Data Collection: This section presents the final research level namely the research methods. Crotty (2005) defined research methods as the techniques used by researchers to collect and analyse the data required to answer the research questions. Moreover, according to Saunders et al., (2007), research methods are the various procedures used to collect data, such as questionnaire, observation and interviews, and to analyse it, e.g. statistical and non-statistical techniques, according to the nature of the research. Since this study is basically quantitative in nature, questionnaires will be used. Furthermore, to determine the research reliability and validity, the researcher will use multiple sources of evidence. The research method to be applied will be in accordance with the research objective. For this study, the practical objective will be to identify the main elements that influence consumer acceptance and use of mobile payment services. This objective will be achieved by designing a comprehensive questionnaire to identify the main factors that impact on consumers behavioural intentions towards the acceptance and use of mobile payment. In this regard, about 1000 questionnaires are proposed to be distributed to college students willing to participate in this research study. Structured Interviews: Researchers prepare themselves in advance by setting up a predetermined list of questions with limited option responses (closed questions). Usually structured interviews are associated with social surveys which aim to interview as wide range of respondents as possible to collect large volumes of data (Bernard, 2000; Denscombe, 2003). Saunders et al., (2007) classified the structured interview as a type of questionnaire which is administered face-to-face. Questionnaire Survey: Based on the proposed research model, the research questionnaire will be designed to identify the main constructs that impact consumer behavioural intentions towards the acceptance and use of mobile payment. Thus, a questionnaire survey method will be applied in this study. Robson (2005) clarified the full benefits of using questionnaires in business research within a survey strategy. Fink (1995:1) identified survey as: A survey is a system for collecting information to describe, compare, or explain knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour. Survey involves setting objectives for information collection, designing research, administering and scoring the instrument, analysing data, and reporting the resul